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Related Concept Videos

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems01:27

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

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A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
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Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

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Bulk and interfacial liquid water as a transient network.

Miriam Jahn1, Stephan Gekle1

  • 1Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Germany.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Liquid water

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Molecular Dynamics
  • Hydrogen Bonding Networks

Background:

  • Macroscopic properties of liquid water arise from its hydrogen-bonded molecular network.
  • The topology and dynamics of molecular loops (meshes) within this network are understudied.
  • Understanding these loops is crucial for explaining water's unique behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the structural and dynamical properties of hydrogen-bonded loops in liquid water.
  • To investigate the influence of loop size and environment on network topology and stability.
  • To characterize the orientation of loops near hydrophobic and hydrophilic interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular dynamics simulations to model liquid water.
  • Analyzed closed loops of hydrogen-bonded molecules up to 10 bonds in size.

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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

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  • Quantified loop size, shape, arrangement, and dynamical stability.

    • Main Results:

    • Six-membered loops exhibit structural similarity to ice at room temperature.
    • Rings with more than five hydrogen bonds are dynamically stabilized compared to random configurations.
    • Loops near interfaces display preferred orientations.

    Conclusions:

    • Hydrogen-bonded loops significantly contribute to liquid water's network topology and properties.
    • Loop structure and dynamics are influenced by size and interfacial environments.
    • Findings provide insights into water's behavior at interfaces.