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Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Published on: July 5, 2024

Protocol-independent granular temperature supported by numerical simulations.

Volker Becker¹, Klaus Kassner¹

¹Institute for Theoretical Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Postfach 4120, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|December 15, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study validates Edwards's theory for granular assemblies using computer simulations. Granular temperature uniquely predicts mean volume fraction, regardless of excitation method, supporting the statistical mechanics of granular materials.

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Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

Statistical mechanics
Condensed matter physics
Computational physics

Background:

Granular assemblies lack a universally accepted statistical description.
Edwards's hypothesis posits equal probability for blocked states of equal volume.

Purpose of the Study:

To test Edwards's hypothesis using computer simulations.
To investigate the statistical description of two-dimensional granular systems.

Main Methods:

Computer simulations of 2D polygonal particles.
Periodic excitation using negative and rotating gravity protocols.
Overlapping histogram method for distribution analysis.

Main Results:

Observed non-monotonous dependency of mean volume fraction on pulse strength for negative gravity.
Confirmed mean volume is a unique function of granular temperature.
Validated Boltzmann-like volume distribution and calculated partition sum logarithm.

Conclusions:

The study's findings align with Edwards's statistical theory for granular matter.
Granular temperature serves as a key parameter, independent of excitation protocol.
The results support a unified statistical description of granular systems.