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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Peripheral Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain in Trigeminal Nerve Injury
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Phototriggered Local Anesthesia.

Changyou Zhan1,2, Weiping Wang1,2, James B McAlvin1

  • 1Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.

Nano Letters
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel phototriggerable formulation for repeated, on-demand anesthesia. This method uses gold nanorods (GNRs) and near-infrared (NIR) light to control drug release, offering a promising approach for pain management.

Keywords:
Phototriggeringgold nanorodliposomelocal anesthesiatetrodotoxin

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Local anesthesia is crucial for pain management.
  • Current methods may have limitations in duration and control.
  • Developing on-demand, repeatable anesthesia delivery systems is desirable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a phototriggerable formulation for in vivo anesthesia.
  • To enable repeated and on-demand drug release for local anesthesia.
  • To assess the efficacy and toxicity of the developed system.

Main Methods:

  • Gold nanorods (GNRs) were attached to liposomes (Lip-GNRs).
  • Lip-GNRs encapsulated tetrodotoxin and dexmedetomidine (Lip-GNR-TD).
  • Subcutaneous injection in rat footpads followed by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation.

Main Results:

  • NIR irradiation triggered on-demand release of anesthetic payload.
  • Repeated anesthesia was achieved in proportion to laser irradiance.
  • The formulation demonstrated minimal toxicity in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Phototriggerable Lip-GNR-TD formulation enables on-demand, repeated local anesthesia.
  • This technology offers a controllable and potentially safer alternative for pain management.
  • The ability to precisely control anesthesia delivery could significantly benefit patients.