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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Functional Connectivity and Anesthesia.

Cheuk Ying Tang1, Ramachandran Ramani

  • 1*Departments of Radiology & Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York †Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut.

International Anesthesiology Clinics
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthetics disrupt brain connectivity, primarily impacting higher-order networks like the default mode network (DMN) and salience network, leading to loss of consciousness (LOC). Lower-order sensory networks remain largely unaffected.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Anesthetic agents and varying concentrations are studied for their effects on brain activity.
  • BOLD fMRI data analysis techniques can be institution and investigator dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify common patterns in the brain connectivity effects of anesthetics/sedatives.
  • To understand how anesthesia affects different brain networks and leads to loss of consciousness (LOC).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of BOLD fMRI data to assess brain connectivity.
  • Comparison of anesthetic effects across different brain networks.

Main Results:

  • Anesthetics primarily affect cortico-cortical and within-network connectivity.
  • Higher-order networks (Default Mode Network, Executive Control Network, Salience Network) are more sensitive to anesthesia than lower-order sensory/motor networks.
  • Anesthesia disrupts communication between lower-order and higher-order networks, leading to LOC, with decreased connectivity observed in the precuneus, PCC, and posterior inferior parietal cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesia-induced LOC is associated with disrupted connectivity in higher-order brain networks.
  • The salience network plays a key role in coordinating other networks affected by anesthesia.
  • Understanding these connectivity changes is crucial for managing anesthesia and consciousness.