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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

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Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology
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ATP regulation in bioproduction.

Kiyotaka Y Hara1, Akihiko Kondo2

  • 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan. k-hara@u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp.

Microbial Cell Factories
|December 15, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining a robust Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) supply is crucial for engineered cell factories. Strategies to enhance ATP generation improve bioproduction yields and cellular functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Metabolic Engineering
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is essential for cellular energy and homeostasis.
  • Intracellular ATP levels directly impact the efficiency of cell factories in bioproduction.
  • Optimizing ATP supply is a key challenge in developing engineered cell factories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for enhancing intracellular ATP supply in engineered cell factories.
  • To highlight the link between ATP availability and improved product yields.
  • To discuss challenges in maintaining adequate ATP levels for bioproduction.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of strategies for enhancing ATP supply.
  • Review of methods including energy substrate addition and pH control.
  • Analysis of metabolic engineering approaches for ATP-generating/consuming pathways.
  • Consideration of respiratory chain regulation.

Main Results:

  • Enhanced ATP supply boosts resource uptake, cell growth, and biosynthesis.
  • Increased ATP levels improve product export and tolerance to toxic compounds.
  • Various strategies effectively increase cellular ATP levels for bioproduction.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing ATP supply is critical for advancing engineered cell factory performance.
  • Metabolic engineering and pathway control are key to enhancing cellular energy.
  • Sufficient ATP levels are fundamental for efficient and robust bioproduction.