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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
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Macaca specific exon creation event generates a novel ZKSCAN5 transcript.

Young-Hyun Kim1, Se-Hee Choe1, Bong-Seok Song2

  • 1National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.

Gene
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ZKSCAN5 gene variants, including novel exon creation events, were identified in Macaca monkeys. This specific evolution in the Macaca lineage offers insights into exon creation mechanisms in primates.

Keywords:
Alternative splicingExon creationLineage specificMacacaZKSCAN5

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • ZKSCAN5 (ZFP95) is a Krűppel family zinc-finger protein involved in spermatogenesis.
  • Alternative splicing of ZKSCAN5 transcripts, differing in 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs), is known in humans.
  • Novel ZKSCAN5 transcripts resulting from exon creation were discovered in the Macaca lineage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify full-length ZKSCAN5 sequences and alternative transcripts in Macaca spp.
  • Investigate the molecular mechanism behind the exon creation event in ZKSCAN5.
  • Analyze the evolutionary features and selection pressures on ZKSCAN5 variants in nonhuman primates.

Main Methods:

  • Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and genomic PCR.
  • Sequencing of DNA and RNA samples from various nonhuman primates.
  • Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for full-length transcript identification.

Main Results:

  • Exon-created ZKSCAN5 transcripts were exclusively found in the Macaca lineage (crab-eating and rhesus monkeys).
  • Ten full-length ZKSCAN5 transcripts and four functional isoforms were identified.
  • Two distinct groups of protein isoforms resulted from alternative start-codon usage.

Conclusions:

  • Specific selection has occurred for a distinct set of ZKSCAN5 variants within the Macaca lineage.
  • The study of ZKSCAN5 in Macaca spp. can enhance understanding of exon creation mechanisms during primate evolution.
  • The findings highlight lineage-specific evolutionary adaptations in gene structure and function.