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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Chondrocyte clocks make cartilage time-sensitive material.

Karen M Doody, Nunzio Bottini

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    |December 15, 2015
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A chondrocyte-autonomous cartilage clock, regulated by BMAL1, is crucial for maintaining cartilage health. Its disruption accelerates osteoarthritis progression by shifting cartilage homeostasis toward a catabolic state.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Chronobiology
    • Orthopedics

    Background:

    • Circadian rhythms synchronize biological processes with diurnal cycles.
    • Disruptions in circadian rhythms are linked to disease initiation and exacerbation.
    • The role of circadian clocks within cartilage tissue remains largely unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify a chondrocyte-autonomous circadian clock.
    • To investigate the role of the circadian pacemaker BMAL1 in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms linking circadian rhythm disruption to cartilage degradation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized genetic models to delete BMAL1 specifically in chondrocytes.
    • Analyzed gene expression and pathway changes in cartilage.
    • Assessed cartilage degradation in response to BMAL1 deletion.

    Main Results:

    • Identified a functional circadian clock within chondrocytes.
    • Demonstrated decreased expression of BMAL1 during osteoarthritis progression.
    • Showed that chondrocyte-specific BMAL1 deletion leads to cartilage degradation.
    • Observed a shift in cartilage homeostasis toward a catabolic state upon BMAL1 loss.

    Conclusions:

    • A chondrocyte-autonomous cartilage clock exists and is regulated by BMAL1.
    • BMAL1 is essential for maintaining cartilage homeostasis.
    • Disruption of the cartilage circadian clock contributes to osteoarthritis pathogenesis.