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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

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The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
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Energy Balance01:19

Energy Balance

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The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
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Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats
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A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

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Caloric restriction and exercise "mimetics'': Ready for prime time?

Christoph Handschin1

  • 1Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Pharmacological Research
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are exploring exercise and caloric restriction mimetics, compounds that mimic beneficial lifestyle effects. This review discusses resveratrol and other mimetics, evaluating their potential for human health and longevity applications.

Keywords:
(−)-Epicatechin (PubChem CID 72276)AICAR (PubChem CID 266934)AMPKCaloric restrictionCelastrol (PubChem CID 122724)DietExerciseGSK4716 (PubChem CID 5399376)GW1516 (PubChem ID 9803963)Metformin (PubChem CID 4091)MimeticsNicotinamide riboside (PubChem CID 439924)PGC-1αPPARβ/δRapamycin (PubChem CID 5040)ResveratrolResveratrol (PubChem CID 445154)SR9009 (PubChem ID 57394020)SRT1720 (PubChem ID 25232708)Skeletal muscleUrsolic acid (PubChem CID 64945)

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Exercise Science
  • Molecular Biology and Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Exercise and diet are potent interventions for preventing and managing diseases.
  • Developing pharmacological agents that mimic exercise or caloric restriction (CR) benefits is a key therapeutic strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review exercise and CR mimetics, focusing on resveratrol.
  • To assess the feasibility, potential, and limitations of using these compounds in patients and healthy individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pre-clinical and clinical studies on exercise and CR mimetics.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways, particularly peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α).

Main Results:

  • Many exercise and CR mimetics activate shared signaling pathways, often converging on PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.
  • Most described mimetics are currently in pre-clinical settings, with limited human translation.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise and CR mimetics offer a promising therapeutic avenue for various diseases and for enhancing longevity.
  • Further research is needed to overcome limitations and establish the clinical utility of these compounds.