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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

51
The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
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Microbiome: Paediatricians' perspective.

Shilpa Khanna Arora1, Pooja Dewan, Piyush Gupta

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research & Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India.

The Indian Journal of Medical Research
|December 15, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human microbiome, encompassing microbes and their genes, significantly impacts health. Understanding its composition and role, especially in children, is crucial for preventing and treating diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The human body hosts millions of microorganisms influencing homeostasis.
  • The collective genetic material and interactions of these microbes are termed the microbiome.
  • Alterations in microbial communities have significant health implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide insight into the human microbiome's composition and role.
  • To emphasize the microbiome's impact on children's health and disease.
  • To discuss culture-independent techniques for microbiome mapping.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on microbiome research.
  • Discussion of culture-independent techniques (e.g., 16S rRNA sequencing).
  • Analysis of associations between microbiome alterations and various diseases.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbiome dysbiosis is linked to paediatric diseases (colic, NEC, asthma, obesity, T1D, autism).
  • Cutaneous microbiome changes correlate with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
  • Respiratory and oral microbiome imbalances are associated with asthma, wheezing, caries, and periodontitis.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiome is a vital, yet underexplored, 'organ' influencing human health.
  • Microbiome research is critical for understanding and treating numerous diseases, particularly in pediatrics.
  • Future therapeutic strategies will likely target microbiome modulation.