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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Exploiting non-equilibrium phase separation for self-assembly.

Michael Grünwald1, Simon Tricard, George M Whitesides

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. michael.gruenwald@utah.edu.

Soft Matter
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-equilibrium segregation forces can control self-assembly in mixtures lacking attraction. External forces on one particle species dictate the structures formed by another, ranging from clusters to strings.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Demixing occurs in multi-component systems with differential driving forces, such as active particle mixtures or charged colloids in electric fields.
  • Non-equilibrium segregation arises from distinct forces acting on different particle species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the use of non-equilibrium segregation forces for controlling self-assembly in systems lacking attractive interactions.
  • To investigate the influence of external periodic forces on the self-assembly of undriven particles.

Main Methods:

  • Macroscopic experiments
  • Computer simulations

Main Results:

  • External periodic forces applied to one particle species can induce self-assembly in a second, undriven species.
  • The resulting structures are tunable, ranging from compact clusters to elongated strings.
  • Control over structure formation depends on the direction, amplitude, and frequency of the applied force.

Conclusions:

  • Non-equilibrium segregation provides a mechanism to direct the self-assembly of passive particles.
  • External force fields offer a versatile tool for designing complex patterns in soft matter systems.