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Related Concept Videos

Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

5.6K
Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

1.2K
In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

22.1K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

1.9K
Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron
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Sublimation in bright spots on (1) Ceres.

A Nathues1, M Hoffmann1, M Schaefer1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Goettingen, Germany.

Nature
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bright spots and water ice sublimation were discovered on Ceres, suggesting it accreted material from beyond the solar system's "snow line." This indicates geological activity on the dwarf planet.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Astrogeology
  • Solar System Exploration

Background:

  • Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt, is a differentiated dwarf planet.
  • Unlike Jovian and Saturnian icy moons, Ceres lacks tidal forces, suggesting geological inertness.
  • Previous detections of water vapor and bound water on Ceres hinted at the presence of surface ice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the composition and activity of localized bright areas on Ceres.
  • To understand the geological processes occurring on the dwarf planet.
  • To determine the origin of materials accreted by Ceres.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of images from an orbiting imager.
  • Spectroscopic identification of surface composition.
  • Observation of diurnal variations in surface features.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of localized bright areas on Ceres, consistent with hydrated magnesium sulfates.
  • Identification of a bright pit in Occator crater exhibiting probable water ice sublimation.
  • Observation of diurnal haze clouds within the Occator crater, likely from sublimating ice or dust.

Conclusions:

  • Ceres exhibits geological activity, particularly in the Occator crater.
  • The presence of water ice and specific mineral compositions suggests Ceres accreted material from beyond the solar system's snow line.
  • These findings challenge the assumption of geological inertness for objects in the asteroid belt lacking tidal forces.