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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) Ceres.

M C De Sanctis1, E Ammannito1,2, A Raponi1

  • 1Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, INAF, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy.

Nature
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spectra of dwarf planet Ceres reveal widespread ammoniated phyllosilicates, not detectable water ice. This suggests outer Solar System material was incorporated into Ceres during its formation or later.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Astrobiology
  • Mineralogy

Background:

  • Dwarf planet Ceres' surface composition is debated, with proposed analogues including CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites.
  • Previous studies suggested water in clay minerals, ammoniated phyllosilicates, or brucite on Ceres' surface.
  • Limited spectral data hindered definitive identification of surface materials, especially in the 2.5-2.9 micrometer range.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the surface composition of dwarf planet Ceres using new spectral data.
  • To identify specific minerals and volatiles present on Ceres' surface.
  • To understand the origin and evolution of Ceres' materials.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of spectra of Ceres across the 0.4 to 5 micrometer wavelength range.
  • Measurements were taken from varying distances, from ~82,000 km to 4,300 km from the surface.
  • Analysis of spectral data to identify mineralogical signatures.

Main Results:

  • Widespread ammoniated phyllosilicates were detected across the surface of Ceres.
  • No detectable water ice was found on the surface.
  • Ammonia may have reacted with phyllosilicates during Ceres' differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Ceres' surface composition is dominated by ammoniated phyllosilicates, challenging previous hypotheses of widespread water ice.
  • The presence of ammonia suggests incorporation of outer Solar System material into Ceres.
  • This implies either formation at great heliocentric distance or later accretion of volatile-rich material.