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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Epigenetic Regulation.

Janos Minarovits1, Ferenc Banati2, Kalman Szenthe2

  • 1Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary. minimicrobi@hotmail.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modification control gene expression and cell identity. These processes, crucial for evolution, involve enzymes and proteins that regulate chromatin structure and accessibility.

Keywords:
Chromatin loopsDNA methylationHistone modificationsLong noncoding RNAsPioneer transcription factorsPolycomb and Trithorax complexesVariant histones

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are ancient and have driven evolutionary transitions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to comprehending cellular differentiation and inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major epigenetic mechanisms controlling chromatin structure and accessibility in mammalian cells.
  • To introduce novel epigenetic regulators and their roles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on DNA methylation and demethylation enzymes.
  • Description of methyl-binding proteins (MBPs).
  • Overview of histone modification enzymes and Polycomb group (PcG)/Trithorax group (TrxG) complexes.

Main Results:

  • Detailed outline of enzymes involved in CpG methylation and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) demethylation.
  • Explanation of MBP functions in interpreting 5mC marks.
  • Description of histone modifications and PcG/TrxG complexes in establishing heritable chromatin states.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic regulators, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are fundamental for cell-type-specific gene expression.
  • Novel factors like variant histones, lncRNAs, and chromatin interaction regulators expand our understanding of epigenetic control.