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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films
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Surfactant-driven flow transitions in evaporating droplets.

Alvaro Marin1, Robert Liepelt, Massimiliano Rossi

  • 1Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany. a.marin@unibw.de.

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Surfactants alter droplet evaporation by changing surface properties. This research reveals how rigid or elastic surfaces modify fluid flow, impacting the coffee-stain effect and revealing surface tension dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Surface science
  • Colloid science

Background:

  • Evaporating droplets create outward flow, leading to particle deposition at the edges (coffee-stain effect).
  • Surface tension gradients on droplet surfaces can compete, creating complex flow behaviors.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for applications involving drying processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different surfactants affect the surface properties of evaporating droplets.
  • To determine the impact of these altered surface properties on internal fluid flow and particle deposition.
  • To provide detailed measurements of surface tension gradients during droplet evaporation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing 3D particle tracking techniques to monitor fluid flow within evaporating droplets.
  • Conducting careful experiments with various surfactants to modify droplet surface properties.
  • Measuring surface tension differences along the droplet surface with high temporal and spatial resolution.

Main Results:

  • Surfactants can render droplet surfaces either rigid or elastic.
  • Rigid or elastic surfaces alter the evaporating fluid flow patterns.
  • Observed phenomena include enhancement of the coffee-stain effect and complete flow inversion.
  • Detailed measurements of surface tension gradients were obtained.

Conclusions:

  • Droplet surface properties, modulated by surfactants, significantly influence evaporation-driven flow.
  • The rigidity or elasticity of the droplet surface dictates the outcome of particle deposition.
  • This study provides novel insights into the complex interplay between surface tension, fluid flow, and particle transport during evaporation.