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Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
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DefinitionIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent combinations of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndromeIts pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving disturbances in motility, sensory processing, microbial balance, barrier integrity, and gut–brain communication. These mechanisms interact to produce symptoms that vary across IBS subtypes.Altered Motility...
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus
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What is sphincter of Oddi dysfunction?

J Toouli1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia.

Gut
|June 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The sphincter of Oddi plays a key role in bile and pancreatic juice flow. Endoscopic biliary manometry helps identify sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, aiding tailored patient treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology
  • Surgical Physiology

Background:

  • The existence and physiological role of the sphincter of Oddi have been debated for a century.
  • Recent research clarifies its function in controlling biliary and pancreatic secretions and preventing duodenal reflux.
  • Abnormalities in sphincter of Oddi motility may cause clinical syndromes, but diagnosis has been challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the physiological role of the sphincter of Oddi.
  • To investigate the link between sphincter of Oddi motility abnormalities and clinical syndromes.
  • To classify sphincter of Oddi dysfunction based on manometric findings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized sensitive techniques in animal and human studies to define sphincter of Oddi physiology.
  • Employed endoscopic biliary manometry, a reproducible technique, to scrutinize sphincter of Oddi motility.
  • Subdivided sphincter of Oddi dysfunction into stenotic (raised basal pressure) and dyskinetic patterns.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the sphincter of Oddi's crucial role in regulating duodenal flow of bile and pancreatic juice.
  • Endoscopic biliary manometry enabled the definition of possible sphincter of Oddi disorders.
  • Identified two manometric patterns: stenotic (responds to sphincterotomy) and dyskinetic (no significant response to sphincterotomy).

Conclusions:

  • Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is a heterogeneous condition requiring individualized therapy.
  • Sphincterotomy is effective for the stenotic pattern but not the dyskinetic pattern.
  • Further prospective trials are needed to evaluate therapeutic options for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.