Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

49.8K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
49.8K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.5K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.5K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

14.1K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
14.1K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

9.0K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
9.0K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

4.4K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
4.4K
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

14.4K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
14.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of ethanol exposure in neonatal mice on retinoic acid signaling in forebrain neurons and astrocytes.

IBRO neuroscience reports·2026
Same author

Spatial segregation of piriform output neurons toward cognitive and emotional networks.

PNAS nexus·2026
Same author

Devaluation of response-produced safety signals reveals circuits for goal-directed versus habitual avoidance in dorsal striatum.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) Inhibitor BL6 Attenuates Inflammation in Cultured Microglia and in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Early-life prefrontal cortex inhibition and early-life stress lead to long-lasting behavioral, transcriptional, and physiological impairments.

Molecular psychiatry·2024
Same author

Devaluation of response-produced safety signals reveals circuits for goal-directed versus habitual avoidance in dorsal striatum.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
08:36

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Published on: April 11, 2025

1.0K

Rapidly acquired multisensory association in the olfactory cortex.

Prasanna R Karunanayaka1, Donald A Wilson2, Megha Vasavada1

  • 1Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania.

Brain and Behavior
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Visual cues rapidly learn to activate olfactory brain regions after a single odor pairing. This learning is intensity-dependent, influencing multisensory odor perception and memory.

Keywords:
ICAassociative learningfMRIodor intensityunified SEM

More Related Videos

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

7.7K
Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
08:30

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Published on: October 31, 2011

16.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
08:36

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Published on: April 11, 2025

1.0K
Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

7.7K
Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
08:30

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Published on: October 31, 2011

16.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Perception
  • Olfactory System

Background:

  • Odor perception in humans is heavily influenced by visual information.
  • The role of learning and memory in multisensory odor representations remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of odor-visual association in the human olfactory system.
  • To explore how associative learning shapes brain activity related to smell.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms involving odor-visual cue pairings.
  • Examined blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes in olfactory structures.
  • Assessed the influence of odor intensity on associative learning.

Main Results:

  • A single odor-visual pairing induced primary olfactory cortex activity upon subsequent visual cue presentation.
  • This visually evoked olfactory activity was intensity-dependent.
  • Activity was also observed in secondary olfactory areas and the hippocampus.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrates rapid associative learning in the olfactory system, where visual cues acquire the ability to activate olfactory cortex.
  • Suggests new research directions for understanding odor learning dynamics and multisensory integration in forming unified odor percepts.