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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.7K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
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Nonconsecutive Pars Interarticularis Defects.

Hossein Elgafy1, Ryan C Hart, Mina Tanios

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH. hossein.elgafy@utoledo.edu.

American Journal of Orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.)
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonconsecutive lumbar spondylolysis, a rare condition in adolescents, involves multiple spine levels. Successful treatment requires individualized management, often involving surgery for symptomatic fractures after conservative care.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Lumbar spondylolysis is common in adolescent athletes due to overuse.
  • Nonconsecutive, multi-level pars fractures are rare and lack established management guidelines.
  • While single-level defects respond to conservative care, multi-level fractures present treatment challenges.

Observation:

  • A rare case of nonconsecutive lumbar spondylolysis involving L2 and L5 pars fractures in an 18-year-old male athlete is presented.
  • The patient experienced worsening lower back pain attributed to the pars fractures.
  • Conservative management was initiated for 6 months.

Findings:

  • Computed tomography-guided pars block identified L2 as the symptomatic level, which was subsequently treated surgically.
  • The asymptomatic L5 pars fracture did not require surgical intervention.
  • The patient achieved full recovery and returned to sports 2 years post-surgery.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of individualized treatment strategies for nonconsecutive multi-level lumbar spondylolysis.
  • Conservative management for at least 6 months is recommended, followed by targeted interventions for symptomatic levels.
  • Advanced imaging techniques like SPECT and CT-guided pars blocks are crucial for precise localization of symptomatic fractures.