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Related Concept Videos

Tongue01:01

Tongue

3.9K
The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
Anatomical Position in the Oral Cavity
The tongue is located within the oral cavity, also known as the mouth. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane called the...
3.9K
The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

42.2K
The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
42.2K
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

1.5K
A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
1.5K
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

3.2K
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
3.2K
Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

554
This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
554
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

5.7K
Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
5.7K

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Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application
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Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application

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Bluetongue: Indian perspective.

K Ranjan, P Minakshi, G Prasad

    Acta Virologica
    |December 16, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Bluetongue virus (BTV) is endemic in India, with numerous serotypes posing significant economic threats to small ruminants, especially sheep. Developing sensitive diagnostics and effective control strategies, including vaccination with inactivated vaccines, is crucial for disease management.

    Keywords:
    bluetongue virus; Culicoides; PCR; nucleic acid sequencing; India.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Animal Health

    Background:

    • Bluetongue (BT) is a significant insect-borne viral disease affecting small ruminants in India, primarily impacting sheep with severe mortality.
    • India is endemic for Bluetongue virus (BTV), with a high prevalence of diverse serotypes (22 out of 27 globally) and the presence of both eastern and western topotypes, alongside reassortant strains.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the economic impact of Bluetongue in India.
    • To highlight the need for sensitive and reliable diagnostic tests for Bluetongue virus (BTV).
    • To discuss current and needed control strategies for Bluetongue in India.

    Main Methods:

    • Genome sequence analyses were performed on circulating Bluetongue viruses.
    • Diagnostic methods discussed include traditional virus isolation, electron microscopy, and modern nucleic acid-based tests like PCR and real-time PCR.
    • Control strategies evaluated include vector control (traps, pesticides, herbal compounds) and vaccination.

    Main Results:

    • Genome sequencing revealed the presence of diverse BTV topotypes and reassortant strains in India, some closely related to existing live vaccines.
    • The limitations of gold-standard virus isolation methods (time-consuming, limited availability) necessitate the use of rapid molecular diagnostics.
    • Continuous monitoring and sero-surveillance are essential for identifying prevalent serotypes for effective vaccination.

    Conclusions:

    • Multivalent inactivated vaccines are recommended over modified live vaccines for India due to the risk of reversion to virulence with the latter.
    • Effective Bluetongue control requires integrated strategies encompassing vector management and serotype-specific vaccination.
    • Ongoing surveillance and development of advanced diagnostics are critical for managing this economically important disease in Indian livestock.