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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
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Practically Saline.

Jonathan Schroeder1, Catherine O'Neal1, Tonya Jagneaux1

  • 1Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.

Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports
|December 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

A patient developed severe septic shock and multiorgan failure after accidental intravenous infusion of a nonsterile Wallcur simulation product. This case highlights the risks of using non-FDA-approved products in clinical settings.

Keywords:
Empedobacter breviscontaminated salinenonsterile intravenous fluidseptic shock

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Case Study
  • Infectious Disease
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recalled Wallcur simulation products in December 2014.
  • Reports indicated these products were being used in clinical practice.
  • Accidental intravenous administration of non-sterile products poses significant health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first case of severe septic shock and multiorgan failure.
  • To identify the causative agent and contributing factors.
  • To emphasize the dangers of using non-sterile simulation products intravenously.

Main Methods:

  • Case presentation of a patient experiencing adverse events post-infusion.
  • Laboratory analysis including blood cultures and biochemical markers.
  • Identification of the specific bacterial isolate responsible for the infection.

Main Results:

  • The patient developed severe septic shock, multiorgan dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
  • Blood cultures isolated multidrug-resistant Empedobacter brevis.
  • The patient recovered after treatment with ciprofloxacin.

Conclusions:

  • Intravenous infusion of non-sterile simulation products can lead to life-threatening infections.
  • Empedobacter brevis was identified as the causative agent in this case.
  • Systemic failures contributed to the incident, underscoring the need for strict adherence to product use guidelines.