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Air quality in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.

M A K Khalil1,2, Christopher L Butenhoff1, William C Porter1,3

  • 1a Department of Physics , Portland State University , Portland , Oregon , USA.

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
|December 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

In Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, air quality is often limited by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), meaning reduced nitrogen oxides (NOx) can increase ozone pollution. Special conditions during Ramadan and desert dust impact pollution levels, requiring redefined exposure standards.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Urban Air Quality

Background:

  • Yanbu, a Saudi Arabian industrial city on the Red Sea, faces challenges balancing industrial development with environmental quality, particularly air pollution.
  • Six years of observational data on criteria pollutants (O3, SO2, PM2.5, PM10) and their precursors (VOCs, NOx) were analyzed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze air quality in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, focusing on criteria pollutants and their precursors.
  • To understand the complex interactions influencing ozone formation and particulate matter levels in a unique desert urban environment.
  • To evaluate pollution exceedances against international and local regulatory standards.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of six years of observational data for ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
  • Investigation of pollutant precursor relationships, including VOC-limited conditions and NOx influence on ozone.
  • Evaluation of air pollution exceedances using criteria from EPA, WHO, PME, and RCER standards.
  • Assessment of wind's impact on particulate matter, particularly desert dust contributions.

Main Results:

  • Frequent VOC-limited conditions were observed, where ozone increases with decreasing NOx and increasing VOCs when NOx is high.
  • A complex, non-linear relationship exists between ozone and VOCs under certain conditions.
  • The weekend effect was noted, with ozone levels remaining stable or increasing despite lower precursor emissions.
  • Air pollution decreased during religious periods (Eids, Ramadan, Hajj), with significant nighttime emissions during Ramadan due to reversed daily living cycles.
  • Fine particles (PM2.5) showed a major impact from desert dust, with many exceedances even after accounting for this factor.
  • Fewer exceedances were recorded for SO2 and ozone compared to PM2.5.

Conclusions:

  • Yanbu experiences frequent VOC-limited conditions, potentially leading to increased ozone pollution if NOx emissions are reduced.
  • Nighttime emissions of VOCs and NOx are significant in this desert environment, especially during Ramadan, due to reversed daily activity patterns.
  • Fine particles exhibit dual daily peaks: a morning peak linked to traffic and decreasing wind, and a larger afternoon peak driven by wind speed.
  • The unique environmental and lifestyle factors in Yanbu necessitate a redefinition of pollutant exposure assessment.