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Macronutrient composition and gestational weight gain: a systematic review.

Myrte J Tielemans1, Audry H Garcia2, André Peralta Santos2

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The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|December 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Higher energy intake during pregnancy is linked to increased gestational weight gain. The impact of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake on pregnancy weight gain remains inconsistent, requiring further high-quality research.

Keywords:
energy intakegestational weight gainmacronutrientspregnancysystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Risk factors for GWG are known, but macronutrient intake effects are under-evaluated globally.
  • Systematic evaluation of macronutrient intake and GWG is needed across diverse economic settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the association between energy and macronutrient intake and GWG.
  • To assess intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrates during pregnancy in relation to GWG.
  • To evaluate findings in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review across 8 databases until August 2015.
  • Included 56 articles (46 observational, 10 trials) following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Assessed quality of included studies, with 20% rated as high quality.

Main Results:

  • Higher energy intake was associated with higher GWG (5 intervention, 7 observational studies).
  • Inconsistent associations were found for protein and carbohydrate intake.
  • Maternal fat intake showed a potential association with GWG, possibly type-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Energy intake is associated with GWG, but individual macronutrient roles are inconsistent.
  • Current evidence is limited by the low quality of most studies.
  • Higher-quality research is necessary to clarify macronutrient impacts on GWG.