ICP8 Filament Formation Is Essential for Replication Compartment Formation during Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) dramatically reorganizes the infected-cell nucleus, leading to the formation of prereplicative sites and replication compartments. This process is driven by the essential viral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein ICP8, which can form double-helical filaments in the absence of DNA. In this paper, we show that two conserved motifs, FNF (F1142, N1143, and F1144) and FW (F843 and W844), are essential for ICP8 self-interactions, and we propose that the FNF motif docks into the FW region during filament formation. Mammalian expression plasmids bearing mutations in these motifs (FNF and FW) were unable to complement an ICP8-null mutant for growth and replication compartment formation. Furthermore, FNF and FW mutants were able to inhibit wild-type (WT) virus plaque formation and filament formation, whereas a double mutant (FNF-FW) was not. These results suggest that single mutant proteins are incorporated into nonproductive ICP8 filaments, while the double mutant is unable to interact with WT ICP8 and does not interfere with WT growth. Cells transfected with WT ICP8 and the helicase-primase (H/P) complex exhibited punctate nuclear structures that resemble prereplicative sites; however, the FNF and FW mutants failed to do so. Taken together, these results suggest that the FNF and FW motifs are required for ICP8 self-interactions and that these interactions may be important for the formation of prereplicative sites and replication compartments. We propose that filaments or other higher-order structures of ICP8 may provide a scaffold onto which other proteins can be recruited to form prereplicative sites and replication compartments.

For nuclear viruses such as HSV, efficient DNA replication requires the formation of discrete compartments within the infected-cell nucleus in which replication proteins are concentrated and assembled into the HSV replisome. In this paper, we characterize the role of filament formation by the single-stranded DNA binding protein ICP8 in the formation of prereplicative sites and replication compartments. We propose that ICP8 protein filaments generate a protein scaffold for other cellular and viral proteins, resulting in a structure that concentrates both viral DNA and replication proteins. Replication compartments may be similar to other types of cellular membraneless compartments thought to be formed by phase separations caused by low-affinity, multivalent interactions involving proteins and nucleic acids within cells. ICP8 scaffolds could facilitate the formation of replication compartments by mediating interactions with other components of the replication machinery.