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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Facial diplegia: etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic evaluation
Sefer Varol1, Hasan Huseyin Ozdemir1, Esref Akil1
1Department of Neurology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
Objective:
Facial diplegia (FD) is a rare neurological manifestation with diverse causes. This article aims to systematically evaluate the etiology, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of FD.
Method:
The study was performed retrospectively and included 17 patients with a diagnosis of FD.
Results:
Patients were diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (11), Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (1), neurosarcoidosis (1), non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (1), tuberculous meningitis (1) herpes simplex reactivation (1) and idiopathic (1). In addition, two patients had developed FD during pregnancy.
Conclusion:
Facial diplegia is an ominous symptom with widely varying causes that requires careful investigation.
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