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    Area of Science:

    • Psycholinguistics
    • Cognitive Science

    Background:

    • Listeners often associate speech disfluency with specific object properties.
    • These properties include unmentioned objects, objects lacking straightforward labels, or those needing longer descriptions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether listeners directly link disfluency to object properties or make flexible, situation-specific inferences.
    • To dissociate production difficulty from object properties using a mini-artificial lexicon.

    Main Methods:

    • Two visual-world eye-tracking experiments were conducted.
    • A mini-artificial lexicon was created to control for production difficulty and object properties.
    • Recently learned names were used to manipulate production difficulty.

    Main Results:

    • Disfluency attribution is flexible and relies on situation-specific inferences.
    • Listeners infer the cause of production difficulty in new situations.
    • Inferences are limited by the listener's own experience with artificial names, not the speaker's assumed knowledge.

    Conclusions:

    • Listeners make adaptive inferences about the causes of disfluency based on context.
    • These inferences are egocentric, relying on the listener's own experience.
    • Future research could explore how listeners update their inferences with more experience.