Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

12.6K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
12.6K
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

4.6K
Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
4.6K
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

15.9K
Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
15.9K
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

134.1K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
134.1K
Type IV Collagen of Basal Lamina01:05

Type IV Collagen of Basal Lamina

3.3K
Type IV collagen is a 400 nm long, network-forming collagen that acts as a barrier between the epithelial and endothelial cells. Type IV collagen  forms the backbone of the basement membrane by scaffolding with laminin, entactin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. Apart from rendering structural support to the basement membrane, it also helps entail signaling potentials necessary for both pathological and physiological functions.
A type IV collagen molecule has six alpha chains which can...
3.3K
Selectins01:25

Selectins

4.8K
Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
4.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Kidney Transplantation.

Transplantation·2026
Same author

Donor bone marrow together with recipient regulatory T cells induces chimerism without irradiation in kidney transplantation.

Science translational medicine·2026
Same author

Time-resolved immune dynamics in rheumatoid arthritis under methotrexate therapy.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
Same author

Clazakizumab in the treatment of chronic active antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection: Results from the IMAGINE phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2026
Same author

The Banff 2024 Kidney Meeting Report: Rejection as a spectrum of phenotypes and focus on differential diagnostic reasoning.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2026
Same author

DARC and Anti-Duffy Antibodies in the Line of Fire: The Challenges in Pinpointing the Etiology of Microcirculation Inflammation to a Distinct Entity.

Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
07:26

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Published on: July 18, 2017

12.3K

Ig-like transcript 4 as a cellular receptor for soluble complement fragment C4d.

Johannes Hofer1, Florian Forster1, David E Isenman1

  • 1*Division of Clinical Experimental Immunology and Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, and Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|December 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified Ig-like transcript 4 (ILT4) as a receptor for complement fragment C4d. ILT4 mediates C4d endocytosis, and surface-bound C4d inhibits monocyte activation, suggesting new roles for C4d in immune regulation.

Keywords:
antibody-mediated rejectionautoimmunitycomplement receptorhomeostasisscavenger receptor

More Related Videos

Measuring Erythrocyte Complement Receptor 1 Using Flow Cytometry
07:20

Measuring Erythrocyte Complement Receptor 1 Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: May 19, 2020

7.8K
A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer
07:24

A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer

Published on: January 12, 2010

10.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
07:26

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Published on: July 18, 2017

12.3K
Measuring Erythrocyte Complement Receptor 1 Using Flow Cytometry
07:20

Measuring Erythrocyte Complement Receptor 1 Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: May 19, 2020

7.8K
A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer
07:24

A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer

Published on: January 12, 2010

10.4K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Complement System Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Complement split products (CSPs) like C4d are disease markers.
  • The physiological function of C4d remains largely unknown.
  • Understanding C4d interactions is crucial for autoimmune and transplantation research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify cellular receptors for complement component C4d.
  • To elucidate the functional consequences of C4d-receptor interactions.
  • To explore the role of C4d in monocyte activation.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of a human monocyte-derived dendritic cell cDNA library.
  • Identification of Ig-like transcript (ILT) 4 and ILT5v2 as C4d receptors.
  • Assays for C4d binding to classic complement receptors (CRs).
  • Analysis of C4d endocytosis mediated by ILT4.
  • Investigation of C4d's effect on monocyte activation (TNF-α, IL-6 secretion, Ca2+ flux).

Main Results:

  • ILT4 and ILT5v2 were identified as cellular receptors for C4d.
  • ILT4 binds soluble C4d, leading to its endocytosis.
  • C4d did not bind to classic complement receptors.
  • Surface-bound C4d inhibited monocyte TNF-α and IL-6 secretion and Ca2+ flux.
  • A distinct receptor may mediate the effects of surface-bound C4d.

Conclusions:

  • ILT4 functions as a scavenger receptor for soluble C4d.
  • Surface-bound C4d modulates monocyte activation, indicating a regulatory role.
  • Further research is needed to identify the receptor for surface-bound C4d.