Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

61.4K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.4K
The Retina01:32

The Retina

78.4K
The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
78.4K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

11.0K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
11.0K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

11.7K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
11.7K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.3K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.3K
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.9K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Association of baseline brain care score with the incidence of age-related eye diseases.

Eye (London, England)·2026
Same author

A Pancreatitis-Inspired Trypsinogen Nanoplatform Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages via NF-κB for Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Reductive soil disinfestation alleviates continuous cropping obstacles in tobacco by reshaping microbial communities and improving soil properties in karst regions.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same author

Bushen Yijing formula exerts chondroprotective effects in knee osteoarthritis via the ERα/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: Insights from network pharmacology and experimental validation.

Tissue & cell·2026
Same author

SEC14L2 couples chaperone-mediated autophagy to microtubule stability by targeting Stathmin 1.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Mechanically adaptive crack-resistant hydrogels based on strain-induced macroscopic phase separation and hierarchical energy dissipation.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Artificial intelligence for diagnosis of keratoconus using Scheimpflug based corneal tomography.

International journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Falling short of the target: effective cataract surgical coverage and the road to 2030.

International journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Multimodal imaging features of optic disc melanocytoma in a Chinese population.

International journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Comparison of posterior scleral reinforcement surgery and repeated low-level red-light therapy in controlling high and super high myopia in Chinese children.

International journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

CORRIGENDUM.

International journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same journal

Curcumin protects the diabetic mouse retina by modulating the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway.

International journal of ophthalmology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice
09:28

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

4.0K

Frequency spectrum might act as communication code between retina and visual cortex I.

Xu Yang1, Bo Gong2, Jian-Wei Lu3

  • 1Life Science School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

International Journal of Ophthalmology
|December 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The retina encodes visual information as a frequency spectrum, transferring it to the primary visual cortex (V1). This frequency spectrum may serve as a communication code between the retina and V1.

Keywords:
fast Fourier transformpattern electroretinogrampattern visually evoked potentialretinavisual cortex I

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping
07:11

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2023

2.5K
Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments
07:53

Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments

Published on: January 16, 2024

5.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice
09:28

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

4.0K
Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping
07:11

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2023

2.5K
Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments
07:53

Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments

Published on: January 16, 2024

5.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Understanding the neural pathways of visual information processing is crucial.
  • The relationship between retinal signals and primary visual cortex (V1) activity requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the communication dynamics between the retina and V1.
  • To analyze the frequency components of simultaneous retinal and V1 signals.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous recording of pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and pattern visually evoked potential (PVEP) in C57BL/6J mice.
  • Application of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for frequency analysis of PERG and PVEP signals.

Main Results:

  • PERG and PVEP amplitudes were measured at 36.7 µV and 112.5 µV, respectively.
  • Dominant frequencies of PERG and PVEP remained consistent.
  • No second or harmonic frequency generation was observed in either signal.

Conclusions:

  • The retina encodes visual information using a frequency spectrum.
  • This frequency spectrum is transmitted to the primary visual cortex (V1) for processing.
  • Frequency spectrum likely acts as a communication code between the retina and V1.