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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Cell-to-Cell Transcript Variability: Seeing Signal in the Noise.

Kevin A Janes1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Cell
|December 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression in mammalian cells is surprisingly predictable. Cellular state and environment buffer transcriptional noise, making mRNA levels less stochastic than previously thought.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Stochasticity, or randomness, in gene expression is a fundamental aspect of cellular function.
  • Understanding the sources and regulation of this noise is crucial for comprehending cell-to-cell variability.
  • The role of the nucleus in buffering transcriptional noise in mammalian cells remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the degree of stochasticity in gene expression within mammalian cells.
  • To determine if single-cell variability in mRNA levels can be predicted by cellular characteristics.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms, particularly the role of the nucleus, in regulating gene expression noise.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative analysis of single-cell mRNA levels.

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  • Measurement of cellular phenotypic states.
  • Assessment of microenvironmental factors influencing gene expression.

    • Main Results:

    • Single-cell variability in cytoplasmic mRNA levels is highly predictable.
    • Cellular phenotypic state and microenvironment are key predictors of mRNA variability.
    • The nucleus acts as a buffer, mitigating noise arising from transcriptional bursts.

    Conclusions:

    • Gene expression in mammalian cells exhibits lower stochasticity than anticipated.
    • Predictability of mRNA levels suggests robust regulatory mechanisms are at play.
    • The eukaryotic nucleus plays a significant role in stabilizing gene expression by buffering transcriptional noise.