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Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

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The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
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Law Enforcement Officers' Involvement Level in Hurricane Katrina and Alcohol Use.

Sarah Cercone Heavey1, Gregory G Homish1, Michael E Andrew2

  • 1Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

International Journal of Emergency Mental Health
|December 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Law enforcement officers with heavy involvement in Hurricane Katrina showed higher hazardous alcohol use. Marital status and military training did not protect against negative alcohol outcomes in this disaster scenario.

Keywords:
Alcohol consumptionHurricane Katrinafirst responderslaw enforcementnatural disaster

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Area of Science:

  • Disaster mental health
  • Occupational health
  • Addiction research

Background:

  • Hurricane Katrina presented unprecedented challenges to first responders.
  • Understanding the psychological impact of disaster involvement on law enforcement is crucial.
  • Alcohol use is a common coping mechanism, but can lead to negative outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between law enforcement officers' involvement level during Hurricane Katrina and their alcohol use.
  • To investigate if marital status or prior military training confer resilience against hazardous alcohol use post-disaster.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional survey of New Orleans law enforcement officers assessing Hurricane Katrina involvement and alcohol use (AUDIT score).
  • Negative binomial regression models analyzed hazardous alcohol use.
  • Interaction terms tested the protective effects of marriage and military training, controlling for age and gender.

Main Results:

  • A significant association was found between heavy involvement in Hurricane Katrina and higher Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores (exp(β)=1.81).
  • Marital status and prior military training did not demonstrate a protective effect against hazardous alcohol use (p>0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Heavy involvement in Hurricane Katrina is linked to increased hazardous alcohol use among law enforcement officers.
  • Targeted interventions may be necessary for officers with high disaster exposure to address stress and prevent negative alcohol-related outcomes.