Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

1.2K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
1.2K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

2.6K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.6K
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

7.2K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
7.2K
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

1.5K
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
1.5K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

960
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
960
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

4.2K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the <i>PAR2</i> and <i>IL-17A</i> Genes Are Significantly Associated with Chronic Pain.

International journal of molecular sciences·2023
Same author

Rs11726196 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of the Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 (<i>TRPC3</i>) Gene Is Associated with Chronic Pain.

International journal of molecular sciences·2023
Same author

Heparan sulfate 3-<i>O</i>-sulfotransferase 4 is genetically associated with herpes zoster and enhances varicella-zoster virus-mediated fusogenic activity.

Molecular pain·2021
Same author

Genome-wide association study identifies candidate loci associated with chronic pain and postherpetic neuralgia.

Molecular pain·2021
Same author

Ageing, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hospital-room hypertension are clinical risk factors relating to pre-anaesthesia.

Anaesthesiology intensive therapy·2020
Same author

[The Prevention and Management of Complications and Side Effects of Pain Treatment: Preface and Comments].

Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
09:35

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

19.8K

[Transdermal Local Anesthetics].

Kazuo Hanaoka, Hideko Arita, Masaki Nagase

    Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
    |December 23, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    EMLA cream, a topical anesthetic, offers effective skin penetration for pain reduction in various treatments. Its safety and efficacy are confirmed, expanding topical anesthesia applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Topical anesthetics are crucial for pain management during medical procedures.
    • Understanding skin penetration is key to optimizing topical anesthetic efficacy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the conditions for skin penetration of topical anesthetics using EMLA cream and Penles tape as examples.
    • To detail the onset, duration, and precautions for topical anesthetic use.
    • To highlight the safety and expanded applications of EMLA cream.

    Main Methods:

    • Case examples: EMLA cream (eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine) and Penles tape 18 mg.
    • Evaluation of skin penetration conditions, onset time, duration of effect, and safety profiles.
    • Review of clinical indications and usage in Japan.

    More Related Videos

    Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
    05:43

    Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

    Published on: January 13, 2017

    17.3K
    Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
    09:44

    Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

    Published on: September 26, 2025

    726

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

    Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
    09:35

    Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

    Published on: May 10, 2017

    19.8K
    Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow
    05:43

    Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

    Published on: January 13, 2017

    17.3K
    Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
    09:44

    Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

    Published on: September 26, 2025

    726

    Main Results:

    • EMLA cream demonstrates high skin penetrability due to its eutectic composition.
    • Safety studies confirmed that blood concentrations of EMLA cream's active ingredients remained below toxic levels.
    • EMLA cream is indicated for pain reduction in skin laser therapy and needle punctures in Japan.

    Conclusions:

    • EMLA cream exhibits high skin penetrability and a favorable safety profile.
    • Its use for pain reduction in various treatments is recommended.
    • The application of topical anesthesia, exemplified by EMLA cream, is expanding to a wider range of medical procedures.