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Related Experiment Videos

Progress in vaccines against typhoid fever.

M M Levine1, C Ferreccio, R E Black

  • 1Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.

Reviews of Infectious Diseases
|May 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

New typhoid vaccines offer improved protection and reduced side effects compared to older versions. Oral Ty21a vaccine demonstrated significant efficacy and potential herd immunity, making it a practical public health tool.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The heat-phenol-inactivated whole cell typhoid vaccine offers limited protection (65%) and causes adverse reactions.
  • New typhoid vaccines aim for enhanced protection with reduced reactogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel typhoid vaccines, including oral Ty21a and parenteral Vi polysaccharide.
  • To assess the impact of vaccination schedules and potential herd immunity effects.

Main Methods:

  • Field trials involving over 530,000 schoolchildren in Santiago, Chile, for oral Ty21a vaccine.
  • Evaluation of an auxotrophic Salmonella typhi mutant (541Ty) and parenteral purified Vi polysaccharide of S. typhi.

Main Results:

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  • Oral Ty21a vaccine provided 69% efficacy for at least four years with a three-dose regimen.
  • Large-scale Ty21a vaccination showed a herd-immunity effect.
  • Parenteral Vi polysaccharide vaccine was safe, immunogenic, and provided 64%-72% protection for 17-21 months.

Conclusions:

  • Oral Ty21a vaccine is a practical public health tool for typhoid prevention.
  • Novel typhoid vaccines like Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide offer promising alternatives with improved safety and efficacy profiles.