Flying blind: trying to find solutions to Indigenous oral health

Objective The aim of the present study was to identify all published evidence about oral health in Indigenous children in Australia and to determine trends in Indigenous oral health over time. Methods PubMed was used to search for published peer-reviewed articles that reported caries (decay) prevalence rates and/or caries experience (based on caries indices) in Indigenous children. Studies included in the analysis needed to report clinical oral health data (not self-reported dental experiences), and articles were excluded if they reported caries in only a select, specific or targeted sample (e.g. only children undergoing hospital admissions for dental conditions). Results The review identified 32 studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported data from the Northern Territory (n=14), Western Australia (n=7), South Australia (n=7), Queensland (n=7), New South Wales (n=1), Australian Capital Territory (n=1) and Tasmania (n=1). Of the studies, 47% were in rural locations, 9% were in urban locations and 44% were in both rural and urban locations. Data are limited and predominantly for Indigenous children living in rural locations, and there are no published studies on caries in Indigenous children living in Victoria. Conclusions The present study documents the published prevalence and severity of caries in Indigenous children living in Australia and highlights that limited oral health data are available for this priority population. Although risk factors for oral disease are well known, most of the studies did not analyse the link between these factors and oral disease present. There is also inconsistency in how caries is reported in terms of age and caries criteria used. We cannot rely on the available data to inform the development of policies and programs to address the oral health differences in Indigenous populations living contemporary lives in metropolitan areas. What is known about the topic? Many studies report that Indigenous people have poorer general health in Australia compared with non-Indigenous people. What does this paper add? This paper documents the available published prevalence and experience of caries for Indigenous children in Australia. It demonstrates significant limitations in the data, including no Victorian data, inconsistency with reporting methods and most data being for Indigenous children who are living in rural locations. What are the implications for practitioners? It is important for practitioners to have access to oral health data for Indigenous children in Australia. However, the present study highlights significant knowledge gaps for this population group and identifies ways to collect data in future studies to enable more meaningful comparisons and policy development.