Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

13.7K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
13.7K
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

656
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
656
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

1.2K
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
1.2K
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

952
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
952
Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

12.9K
In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
12.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The role of plasma concentrations and drug characteristics of beta-blockers in fall risk of older persons.

Pharmacology research & perspectives·2023
Same author

Previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update FRAX.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2023
Same author

Are higher antidepressant plasma concentrations associated with fall risk in older antidepressant users?

European geriatric medicine·2023
Same author

Exploring the conceptual framework and measurement model of intrinsic capacity defined by the World Health Organization: A scoping review.

Ageing research reviews·2022
Same author

Is it time to consider population screening for fracture risk in postmenopausal women? A position paper from the International Osteoporosis Foundation Epidemiology/Quality of Life Working Group.

Archives of osteoporosis·2022
Same author

Update of the fracture risk prediction tool FRAX: a systematic review of potential cohorts and analysis plan.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
07:30

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

3.5K

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive functioning.

N M van Schoor1, H C Comijs2, D J Llewellyn3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research,VU University Medical Center,Amsterdam,the Netherlands.

International Psychogeriatrics
|December 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Low vitamin D levels in older adults are linked to poorer general cognitive function and slower information processing speed. This study identified an optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) cut-off of approximately 60 nmol/L.

Keywords:
agingcognitive impairmentvitamins

More Related Videos

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

34.2K
A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

11.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
07:30

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

3.5K
The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

34.2K
A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

11.2K

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Nutritional Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Epidemiology

Background:

  • Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the elderly population.
  • Understanding the relationship between vitamin D and cognitive health is crucial for aging well.
  • Previous research suggests a link, but optimal levels require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and cognitive performance in older adults.
  • To determine the optimal serum 25(OH)D concentration for cognitive function in this demographic.
  • To explore the impact of vitamin D on various cognitive domains, including general cognition, reasoning, processing speed, and memory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) with 1,320 participants.
  • Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured in 1995/6.
  • Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), Coding Task (CT), and 15 Words Test (15WT) in 1995/6 and 1998/9.
  • Statistical analyses included linear regression and restricted cubic spline functions.

Main Results:

  • Mean serum 25(OH)D was 53.7 nmol/L.
  • Individuals with serum 25(OH)D below 30 nmol/L exhibited significantly lower general cognitive functioning and slower information processing speed compared to those with levels ≥ 75 nmol/L.
  • The optimal cut-off for serum 25(OH)D was identified as approximately 60 nmol/L for both general cognitive functioning and information processing speed.
  • No significant associations were found with other cognitive measures or the rate of cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Lower serum 25(OH)D levels are significantly associated with diminished general cognitive functioning and reduced information processing speed in older adults.
  • The findings suggest a potential threshold of 60 nmol/L for serum 25(OH)D to maintain optimal cognitive performance in this age group.
  • Vitamin D status does not appear to influence the rate of cognitive decline in the longitudinal analysis.