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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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Long noncoding RNAs in cancer: from function to translation.

Anirban Sahu1, Udit Singhal2, Arul M Chinnaiyan3

  • 1Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA. ; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA.

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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are newly discovered cancer genome components. These molecules show potential as cancer drivers and clinical biomarkers, influencing epigenetic regulation and cell cycle control.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cancer research has advanced, yet knowledge is limited to protein-coding genes.
  • Thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in the cancer genome.
  • Some lncRNAs exhibit cancer- and lineage-specific expression, suggesting functional roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss emerging aspects of lncRNA biology in cancer.
  • To explore the interplay between lncRNAs and key cancer mechanisms.
  • To highlight the translational potential and future research directions for lncRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on lncRNA biology and cancer.
  • Discussion of lncRNA involvement in epigenetic regulation, DNA damage, cell cycle control, microRNA silencing, signal transduction, and hormone-driven diseases.
  • Analysis of translational impact and tools for lncRNA investigation.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs play significant roles in various cancer-associated processes.
  • Specific lncRNAs demonstrate potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • Emerging tools facilitate mechanistic studies of lncRNAs.
  • lncRNAs are implicated in epigenetic regulation, DNA damage response, cell cycle control, and microRNA pathways.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs represent a critical frontier in cancer research.
  • Understanding lncRNA functions can lead to novel cancer biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
  • Further investigation into lncRNA biology is essential for advancing cancer treatment and diagnostics.