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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

995
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.9K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.9K
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

980
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
980
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

2.3K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
2.3K
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

917
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
917
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

2.6K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

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[Neuroanesthesia].

K Engelhard1

  • 1Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland. engelhak@uni-mainz.de.

Der Anaesthesist
|December 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthesia for craniotomy presents challenges due to limited intracranial space and brain tissue

Keywords:
Awake craniotomyBrain edemaCraniotomyIntracranial pressureSitting position

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anesthesiology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Craniotomy poses unique anesthetic challenges due to the brain's low tolerance to ischemia and limited intracranial space for volume compensation.
  • Anesthetic management must avoid increasing intracranial volume and enhance brain tissue's tolerance to ischemic events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the key anesthesiological considerations and management strategies for craniotomy.
  • To emphasize the importance of maintaining physiological homeostasis during intracranial surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anesthetic principles relevant to intracranial surgery.
  • Discussion of intraoperative monitoring of vital parameters (e.g., blood pressure, blood gases, temperature).
  • Consideration of immediate postoperative management, including extubation timing.

Main Results:

  • Anesthetic agents should not elevate intracranial pressure or compromise cerebral perfusion.
  • Temporary hyperventilation can manage acute intracranial pressure spikes.
  • Close monitoring of homeostasis is crucial throughout the surgical procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal anesthesia for craniotomy requires a thorough understanding of surgical approach and potential complications.
  • Prompt extubation post-surgery facilitates early detection of neurological changes.