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Hartmann wavefront sensors and their application at FLASH.

Barbara Keitel¹, Elke Plönjes¹, Svea Kreis¹

¹Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|December 25, 2015

Summary

Hartmann wavefront sensors were used for soft X-ray measurements at the free-electron laser (FEL) in Hamburg. These sensors improved photon beam alignment accuracy by 33% for the FLASH beamline BL3.

Keywords:

Hartmann sensor free-electron laser soft X-rays wavefront

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Area of Science:

Optics and photonics
X-ray instrumentation
Free-electron laser (FEL) technology

Background:

Soft X-ray applications require precise characterization of photon beam parameters.
Free-electron lasers (FELs) like FLASH produce intense, tunable X-ray radiation.
Traditional wavefront sensing methods may not be suitable for the soft X-ray spectral region.

Purpose of the Study:

To present Hartmann wavefront sensors for soft X-ray applications at FLASH.
To demonstrate online measurement of photon beam parameters during mirror alignment.
To characterize wavefront quality and aberrations of individual FEL pulses.

Main Methods:

Utilized compact Hartmann sensors operating in the 4–38 nm wavelength range.
Performed online measurements during the alignment of focusing optics for FLASH beamline BL3.
Determined wavefront root-mean-square (w(rms)) repeatability with high accuracy.

Main Results:

Achieved λ(13.5 nm)/116 accuracy for wavefront r.m.s. (w(rms)) repeatability.
Reduced w(rms) by 33% during the alignment procedure.
Successfully characterized beam properties and aligned focusing optics.

Conclusions:

Hartmann wavefront sensors are effective tools for soft X-ray applications at FEL facilities.
Online wavefront measurements significantly improve the alignment and performance of X-ray beamlines.
The developed sensor enables precise characterization and optimization of FEL beams.