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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urethra01:16

Urethra

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Uterus and Cervix01:18

Uterus and Cervix

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The uterus, commonly called the womb, is a vital reproductive organ in females designed to provide a nurturing environment for the implantation and growth of an embryo. It is shaped like a hollow pear and positioned between the urinary bladder and the rectum. The uterus's structure allows it to support and protect a developing fetus throughout pregnancy.
The uterus is securely anchored within the pelvic cavity by paired broad ligaments on either side. It is further stabilized by three pairs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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What is normal bladder neck anatomy?

Cristina Naranjo-Ortiz1,2,3,4, Ka Lai Shek5,6, Andrew James Martin7

  • 1Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. c_naranjoortiz@outlook.com.

International Urogynecology Journal
|December 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A bladder neck descent (BND) of 25 mm or higher is associated with urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). This finding helps define abnormal pelvic floor anatomy in women experiencing urinary incontinence.

Keywords:
Bladder neck descentFunctional anatomyStress incontinenceUrethral mobilityUrinary incontinenceUrodynamic stress incontinence

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Area of Science:

  • Urogynecology
  • Pelvic Floor Imaging
  • Female Urology

Background:

  • The functional anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra is crucial for urinary continence.
  • Previous studies suggest a link between pelvic floor mobility and stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the normal limits for pelvic floor ultrasound parameters of bladder neck and urethral mobility.
  • To investigate the association between these parameters and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urodynamic stress incontinence (USI).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 429 women undergoing urodynamic testing and 4D pelvic floor ultrasound.
  • Assessment of bladder neck descent (BND), urethral rotation, and retrovesical angle (RVA) during Valsalva maneuver.
  • Multivariate logistic regression to control for confounding factors.

Main Results:

  • Bladder neck descent (BND) and retrovesical angle (RVA) were significantly associated with SUI.
  • Urethral rotation and BND were significantly associated with urodynamic stress incontinence (USI).
  • BND remained a significant predictor for both SUI (OR 1.23) and USI (OR 1.58) after controlling for confounders.

Conclusions:

  • Measures of bladder neck anatomy show a weak association with SUI and USI.
  • Bladder neck descent (BND) is most strongly associated with USI.
  • A BND of 25 mm or greater is proposed as a threshold for abnormal "hypermobile" anatomy linked to USI.