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Thermal vesiculation during volcanic eruptions.

Yan Lavallée1, Donald B Dingwell2, Jeffrey B Johnson3

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This summary is machine-generated.

Magma heating, not just decompression, drives volcanic eruptions by causing gas exsolution and vesiculation. This study reveals how frictional heating can melt magma, influencing eruption style and explosivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Volcanology
  • Geochemistry
  • Petrology

Background:

  • Volcanic eruptions are driven by magma ascent, with vesiculation (bubble formation) reducing magma density and strength.
  • Traditionally, magma degassing and vesiculation have been linked to decompression and pressure-dependent water solubility.
  • The role of temperature-dependent water solubility and magma heating in vesiculation has been largely overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of magma heating on vesiculation and fragmentation, contrasting it with decompression-driven processes.
  • To explore the potential of frictional heating in generating heat for magma melting and vesiculation.
  • To re-evaluate the factors controlling magma degassing, strength, and eruption style.

Main Methods:

  • Field analysis of volcanic ash textures from Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala.
  • Laboratory experiments on fault friction to simulate magma heating and melting.
  • Experimental determination of water solubility in magma under varying temperature and pressure conditions.

Main Results:

  • Textural analysis revealed chemically heterogeneous filaments with micro-vesicles in volcanic ash, mirroring textures from frictional heating experiments.
  • Frictional heating experiments demonstrated that friction can generate sufficient heat to induce melting and vesiculation in hydrated silicic magma.
  • Experimental data indicate that heating can be a more efficient driver of water exsolution than decompression for many magma ascent paths.

Conclusions:

  • Magma heating, through mechanisms like latent heat of crystallization or frictional heating, significantly influences degassing and vesiculation.
  • The thermal history of magma during ascent is a critical control on magma strength and the transition between effusive and explosive eruptions.
  • This research highlights the importance of considering thermal processes alongside decompression in understanding volcanic eruption dynamics.