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Related Concept Videos

Tongue01:01

Tongue

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The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
Anatomical Position in the Oral Cavity
The tongue is located within the oral cavity, also known as the mouth. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane called the...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Oral Cavity01:11

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The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
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Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
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Related Experiment Video

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Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture
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Dislocated Tongue Muscle Attachment and Cleft Palate Formation.

T Kouskoura1, Y El Fersioui1, M Angelini1

  • 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Journal of Dental Research
|December 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pierre Robin sequence involves micrognathia and cleft palate. This study reveals that abnormal genioglossus muscle attachment, caused by Bmp7 gene defects, impairs tongue protrusion and contributes to cleft palate development.

Keywords:
Pierre Robin sequencebone morphogenetic protein 7cartilageglossoptosismandiblemicrognathism

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Craniofacial Development

Background:

  • Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) links micrognathia (small jaw) to cleft palate, often attributed to tongue obstruction.
  • The precise developmental mechanism connecting micrognathia and cleft palate in PRS remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the causative mechanism linking micrognathia and cleft palate in Pierre Robin sequence using a Bmp7-null mouse model.
  • To investigate the role of the genioglossus muscle and its attachment in palatal development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Bmp7-null mouse embryos to study craniofacial and muscle development.
  • Examined the formation and attachment of the genioglossus muscle in relation to Meckel's cartilage and mandibular development.
  • Analyzed gene expression patterns, including Scleraxis, in wild-type and mutant embryos.
  • Investigated cranial mesenchyme-specific Bmp7 deletion (Bmp7:Wnt1-Cre) to assess gene function.

Main Results:

  • Bmp7-null embryos exhibited severe micrognathia and cleft palate, with failed formation of the rostral process of Meckel's cartilage and mandibular symphysis.
  • Genioglossus muscle fibers in Bmp7-null embryos attached aberrantly, altering their contraction direction and compromising tongue protrusion.
  • This aberrant muscle attachment preceded palatal shelf elevation, suggesting a causal role in clefting.
  • Cranial mesenchyme-specific Bmp7 deletion resulted in micrognathia but not cleft palate, with normal genioglossus development, highlighting the importance of specific Bmp7 roles.

Conclusions:

  • The study proposes a novel mechanism where abnormal genioglossus muscle development and attachment, rather than simple physical obstruction, underlies cleft palate in Pierre Robin sequence.
  • Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7) plays a critical role in the proper formation of craniofacial structures and genioglossus muscle attachment.
  • These findings offer new insights into the etiology of Pierre Robin sequence and potential therapeutic targets.