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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
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Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

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[Research progress of synaptic vesicle recycling].

Ye-Fei Li1,2,3, Xiao-Xing Zhang1,3, Shu-Min Duan4

  • 1Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

Sheng Li Xue Bao : [Acta Physiologica Sinica]
|December 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Synaptic vesicles dynamically recycle neurotransmitters to maintain brain function. This review explores vesicle pools, recycling mechanisms in different neuron types, and advanced research technologies.

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Related Experiment Videos

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An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neurotransmission relies on synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitters.
  • Synaptic vesicles undergo a continuous "release-recycle" process crucial for presynaptic terminal function.
  • This process involves membrane fusion, neurotransmitter release, and subsequent endocytosis for reuse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research progress on synaptic vesicle recycling.
  • To discuss presynaptic vesicle pools and recycling dynamics.
  • To compare recycling mechanisms of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.
  • To examine technologies used in studying synaptic vesicle recycling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of synaptic vesicle recycling research.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular studies on vesicle heterogeneity.
  • Comparison of technological advancements in studying presynaptic vesicle recycling.

Main Results:

  • Synaptic vesicle release and mobility vary with stimulation.
  • Differences exist in glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic vesicle recycling mechanisms.
  • Technological advancements are enhancing the understanding of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic vesicle recycling is a complex, regulated process vital for synaptic transmission and plasticity.
  • Understanding vesicle heterogeneity and recycling mechanisms is key to comprehending synaptic function.
  • Ongoing technological development continues to drive progress in this field.