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Related Concept Videos

Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

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Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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z Scores and Unusual Values01:07

z Scores and Unusual Values

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The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are obtained after the standardization of the values in a dataset. The z score for the mean is 0.
 This score indicates how far a value is from the mean in terms of standard deviation. For example, if a data value has a z score of +1, the researcher can infer that the particular data value is one standard deviation above the mean. If another data...
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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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What Are Outliers?01:12

What Are Outliers?

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Outliers are observed data points that are far from the least squares line. They have unusual values and need to be examined carefully. Though an outlier may result from erroneous data, at other times, it may hold valuable information about the population under study and should be included in the data. Hence, it is crucial to examine what causes a data point to be an outlier.
The z score is used to find outliers or unusual values. It should be noted that any values beyond -2 and +2 are...
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Outliers and Influential Points01:08

Outliers and Influential Points

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An outlier is an observation of data that does not fit the rest of the data. It is sometimes called an extreme value. When you graph an outlier, it will appear not to fit the pattern of the graph. Some outliers are due to mistakes (for example, writing down 50 instead of 500), while others may indicate that something unusual is happening. Outliers are present far from the least squares line in the vertical direction. They have large "errors," where the "error" or residual is the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
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An Unusual Startling.

Ibrahim Aliyu1, Zainab Ibrahim2

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
|December 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Hyperekplexia, a rare genetic movement disorder, causes excessive startling. A 10-year-old boy with acquired hyperekplexia after cerebral malaria successfully responded to carbamazepine treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hyperekplexia is a rare genetic movement disorder characterized by exaggerated startle responses.
  • While typically genetic, acquired forms of hyperekplexia are infrequently documented.
  • The condition can significantly impair quality of life and may be misdiagnosed as epilepsy.

Observation:

  • A 10-year-old boy presented with severe, disabling startle responses.
  • The onset of symptoms occurred shortly after treatment for cerebral malaria.
  • This clinical presentation suggested an acquired form of hyperekplexia.

Findings:

  • The patient's excessive startling was a primary clinical feature.
  • Cerebral malaria was a preceding condition, potentially linked to the hyperekplexia onset.
Keywords:
Acquiredhyperekplexiastartle syndrome

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  • The patient showed a positive therapeutic response to carbamazepine.

    • Implications:

    • This case highlights the possibility of acquired hyperekplexia, particularly post-infectious.
    • Carbamazepine may be an effective treatment option for acquired hyperekplexia.
    • Increased awareness is needed to differentiate hyperekplexia from epilepsy, ensuring timely and appropriate management.