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Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
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Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
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Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification01:25

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Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
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Continuous synthesis of tert-butyl peroxypivalate using a single-channel microreactor equipped with orifices as emulsification units.

ChemSusChem·2011
Same author

Flow chemistry using milli- and microstructured reactors-from conventional to novel process windows.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry·2010
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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
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Microreactors-A Powerful Tool to Synthesize Peroxycarboxylic Esters.

Tobias Illg1, Annett Knorr2, Lutz Fritzsche3

  • 1Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany. tobias.illg@imm.fraunhofer.de.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Microreaction technology enhances the safe synthesis of organic peroxides, specifically tert-butyl peroxypivalate and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate. This approach significantly boosts space-time-yields, improving process safety and efficiency.

Keywords:
continuous processingflow chemistrymicroreactormultiphaseperoxideperoxycarboxylic esterprocess safety

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Process Safety
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Organic peroxides, particularly peroxycarboxylic esters, pose significant thermal hazards during industrial synthesis.
  • Inadequate heat removal during production can lead to dangerous decomposition reactions, releasing substantial heat and gas.
  • Traditional methods require extensive technical and organizational safety measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the application of microreaction technology for the synthesis of peroxycarboxylic esters.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of different microstructured reactors in terms of conversion and selectivity.
  • To demonstrate the potential of microreactors for safer and more efficient organic peroxide production.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of tert-butyl peroxypivalate and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate using three distinct microreactors: orifice, split and recombine, and capillary tube with ultrasonication.
  • Comparison of reaction efficiency based on conversion and selectivity for each reactor type.
  • Assessment of space-time-yields achieved with microreaction technology.

Main Results:

  • Microreaction technology enabled the synthesis of target peroxycarboxylic esters with improved efficiency.
  • Significant increases in space-time-yield were observed, ranging from 12,500 to 414,000 kg·m(-3)·h(-1).
  • Different microreactor designs showed varying efficiencies in the two-phase liquid/liquid reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Microreaction technology offers a viable and safer alternative for the industrial synthesis of organic peroxides.
  • The use of microreactors substantially enhances space-time-yields compared to conventional methods.
  • Microreactors provide better control over exothermic reactions, mitigating thermal hazards in peroxide production.