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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Structure01:55

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Economic and Efficient Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microarchitecture in a Murine Osteoporosis Model
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Spatial relationships between bone formation and mechanical stress within cancellous bone.

E N Cresswell1, M G Goff1, T M Nguyen2

  • 1Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics
|December 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical loading stimulates bone formation, particularly in areas of high strain energy density (SED). This study shows that bone formation increases significantly after mechanical loading in rat vertebrae, highlighting SED

Keywords:
Bone adaptationCancellous boneFinite element modelIn vivo loadingSpatial correlation

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Area of Science:

  • Bone biology
  • Biomechanics
  • Skeletal adaptation

Background:

  • Bone density increases with mechanical loading in vivo.
  • Bone formation is theorized to respond to stress/strain at the individual trabeculae level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bone formation in response to mechanical stimuli at the tissue level.
  • To correlate bone formation with local tissue stress/strain.

Main Methods:

  • Cyclic loading applied to caudal vertebrae of female rats.
  • Three-dimensional imaging of fluorescent bone formation markers.
  • High-resolution finite element models to determine local tissue stress/strain.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical stimuli increased mineralizing surface and bone volume.
  • Loaded vertebrae showed more bone formation sites, linked to high strain energy density (SED).
  • Bone formation probability correlated with SED but remained below 32%.

Conclusions:

  • Bone formation following mechanical stimulus occurs in regions of high tissue SED.
  • Finite element models have modest predictive power for bone formation locations.
  • Future models may need to incorporate factors like osteocyte distribution and fluid flow.