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Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

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'A torn shoulder': an emergency department case study.

Lynda Gibbons¹

¹Emergency Department, Our Lady's Hospital, Navan, County Meath, Ireland; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.

International Emergency Nursing

|December 29, 2015

Summary

Proximal biceps tendon ruptures are uncommon but can cause significant functional deficits if untreated. Early recognition and appropriate management by advanced nurse practitioners in emergency departments are crucial for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Advanced practice Biceps rupture Biceps tear Case study Emergency department Popeye deformity Proximal biceps

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Published on: January 13, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Emergency Medicine
Nursing Practice

Background:

Biceps tendon ruptures are infrequently encountered in emergency departments, leading to underrepresentation in nursing literature.
Prompt and accurate management by advanced nurse practitioners is essential for patients presenting with these injuries.
Diagnosis relies heavily on clinical presentation, with imaging serving as an adjunct, and untreated ruptures can result in substantial functional impairment.

Observation:

This case study details a patient presenting to the emergency department with a proximal biceps rupture after experiencing trauma.
The study emphasizes clinical assessment and management strategies for biceps ruptures within the emergency department setting.

Findings:

The case study aims to enhance awareness regarding biceps ruptures and their emergency department management.
Key discussion points include comprehensive neurovascular assessment, judicious use of diagnostic imaging, and detailed clinical examination protocols.

Implications:

Early identification of biceps tendon ruptures is vital for improving patient outcomes.
This case study highlights the importance of vigilance and effective clinical skills in managing these injuries.
Understanding the mechanism of injury, such as sudden forceful elbow extension against a contracted biceps, aids in diagnosis.