Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

127
Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
127
Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

7.3K
Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
7.3K
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

4.5K
The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
4.5K
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

1.3K
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
1.3K
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

335
In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
335
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

1.6K
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Seed shattering in a North American Oryzeae grain: Developmental and genomic signatures of early domestication.

The plant genome·2026
Same author

Higher Baseline Diet Quality Is Positively Associated With Academic and Physical Performance Among United States Military Academy Cadets.

Military medicine·2026
Same author

"… Work Really Is Being Done and It's Very Worthwhile …": Reflections from Community Advisory Board Members.

Progress in community health partnerships : research, education, and action·2025
Same author

Stigma and efficacy beliefs regarding opioid use disorder treatment and naloxone in communities participating in the HEALing Communities Study intervention.

PloS one·2024
Same author

Community advisory board members' perspectives on their contributions to a large multistate cluster RCT: a mixed methods study.

Journal of clinical and translational science·2024
Same author

Impact of polyphenol oxidase on the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols in fruit smoothies: a controlled, single blinded, cross-over study.

Food & function·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

9.3K

Risk of HIV Infection in Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Joel Brind, Steven J Condly, Steven W Mosher

    Issues in Law & Medicine
    |December 30, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Injectable contraceptives like DMPA may increase HIV risk in women. Evidence suggests DMPA use is linked to higher HIV transmission rates, posing a definite health hazard.

    More Related Videos

    Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
    18:46

    Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

    Published on: December 9, 2010

    13.8K
    Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
    09:54

    Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

    Published on: December 3, 2019

    10.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

    Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
    08:15

    Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

    Published on: January 31, 2020

    9.3K
    Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
    18:46

    Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

    Published on: December 9, 2010

    13.8K
    Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
    09:54

    Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

    Published on: December 3, 2019

    10.8K

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Health
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • The injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is widely used in Africa and Asia.
    • Previous studies since 1992 have suggested a potential link between DMPA use and increased HIV transmission risk to women.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the existing epidemiological and biological evidence.
    • To determine if DMPA use poses a definite hazard for women's health regarding HIV transmission.

    Main Methods:

    • A meta-analysis of studies was conducted, searching Medline for "contraceptives" or "contraception" AND "HIV".
    • Included were 8 cross-sectional and 16 longitudinal studies examining the association between DMPA use and HIV status.
    • Random effects models were used to estimate odds ratios and hazard ratios.

    Main Results:

    • Statistically significant positive associations were found between DMPA use and HIV positivity.
    • Cross-sectional studies showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.41 (95% CI 1.15 - 1.73).
    • Longitudinal studies showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.49 (95% CI 1.28 - 1.73).

    Conclusions:

    • The combined epidemiological and biological evidence strongly suggests DMPA use increases the risk of male-to-female HIV transmission.
    • Biological plausibility includes progestational and glucocorticoid effects leading to increased vulnerability.