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    Parasite geographic ranges are influenced by host ecology and coevolutionary factors, offering insights into biodiversity. Studying parasites reveals crucial ecological and evolutionary processes governing host-parasite spatial distributions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Parasitology

    Background:

    • Species' geographic distributions are limited by various factors, crucial for ecology and evolutionary biology.
    • Research has primarily focused on plant and animal ranges, neglecting parasites, which constitute significant biodiversity.
    • Understanding parasite range determinants is vital for ecological and evolutionary studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the determinants of geographic ranges for parasites and pathogens.
    • To explore how parasites serve as model systems for investigating host-parasite spatial distributions.
    • To highlight the importance of parasite range ecology in biodiversity research.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of ecological and evolutionary factors influencing species' geographic ranges.
    • Analysis of how host range, ecology, and coevolution impact parasite distributions.
    • Synthesis of existing research on parasite biogeography and host-parasite interactions.

    Main Results:

    • Parasite range determinants overlap with those of free-living species.
    • Parasite distributions are additionally constrained by host range, host population ecology, and coevolutionary dynamics.
    • Parasites offer unique systems to study ecological and evolutionary processes governing spatial distributions.

    Conclusions:

    • Parasite range ecology is a critical, yet understudied, area of biodiversity research.
    • Host-parasite coevolution significantly shapes parasite geographic distributions.
    • Parasites can be leveraged to infer host population ecology and understand range limitations for both species.