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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
Published on: March 2, 2011
Compounded Testosterone Troches TO OPTIMIZE HEALTH AND THE TESTOSTERONE CONTROVERSY
Abstract:
As men age, testosterone levels progressively fall and inflammatory biomarkers increase. The gradual decline in testosterone production with aging, known as andropause, is common and may have deleterious effects on men including decreased overall well-being, increased sarcopenia, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, reduced sexual function, and bone loss. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that an increasing number of men worldwide have begun requesting testosterone replacement therapy from their physicians. Occasionally, physicians discourage male patients from getting testosterone replacement therapy based on a few recent studies indicating the therapy causes cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarctions. Yet, an extensive review of the testosterone replacement therapy literature reveals that the majority of clinical studies show that properly administered testosterone replacement therapy, in which estradiol and dihydrotestosterone levels are also controlled, has no adverse effects on myocardial infarction risk. The current state-of-the-art in testosterone replacement therapy comprises compounded testosterone troches; an aromatase inhibitor, such as generic Anastrazole, to control estradiol levels; and a 5α-reductase inhibitor, such as beneric Dutasteride or Finasteride, to control dihydrotestosterone. Compounded testosterone troches easily raise serum testosterone levels to the optimal range, are highly cost effective at $82 for a 180-day supply, and provide affordable access to testosterone replacement therapy to millions of men requesting it. Yet, the Blue Cross Blue Shield-associated firms have largely denied requests for coverage of compounded medications, including testosterone troches. Despite data demonstrating strong links between testosterone deficiency and significant comorbid conditions (including Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic syndrome diseases) as well as the health benefits of testosterone replacement therapy, some physian have been swayed against prescribing testosterone replacement therapy to their aging male patients. The testosterone controversy stems largely from poorly designed clinical studies in which patients were subjected to testosterone replacement therapy without having their estradiol and dihydrotestosterone levels properly controlled.
Insights
Testosterone replacement therapy, when properly administered with controlled hormone levels, is safe and effective for aging men. This approach mitigates risks often associated with testosterone therapy, improving overall health and well-being.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Men's Health
- Gerontology
Background:
- Aging men experience declining testosterone levels (andropause), leading to adverse effects like reduced well-being, sarcopenia, cardiovascular risks, and bone loss.
- Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is increasingly sought by men, but concerns exist regarding potential cardiovascular events.
- A significant body of evidence suggests properly administered TRT, with controlled estradiol and dihydrotestosterone, does not increase myocardial infarction risk.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the literature on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and its cardiovascular safety in aging men.
- To clarify the controversy surrounding TRT, particularly concerning the role of estradiol and dihydrotestosterone control.
- To highlight the benefits and cost-effectiveness of current TRT protocols, including compounded testosterone troches.
Main Methods:
- Extensive literature review of clinical studies on testosterone replacement therapy.
- Analysis of studies focusing on TRT protocols that control estradiol and dihydrotestosterone levels.
- Examination of the components and cost-effectiveness of modern TRT, including compounded testosterone troches and hormone inhibitors.
Main Results:
- The majority of clinical studies indicate that properly administered TRT, with controlled estradiol and dihydrotestosterone, shows no adverse effects on myocardial infarction risk.
- Current state-of-the-art TRT involves compounded testosterone troches with aromatase inhibitors (e.g., Anastrozole) and 5α-reductase inhibitors (e.g., Dutasteride/Finasteride).
- Compounded testosterone troches are cost-effective and effectively raise serum testosterone to optimal ranges, yet coverage is often denied.
Conclusions:
- The controversy surrounding TRT safety is largely due to poorly designed studies that failed to control estradiol and dihydrotestosterone levels.
- Properly administered TRT, as outlined by current protocols, is safe and beneficial for aging men with testosterone deficiency.
- The denial of insurance coverage for compounded TRT medications like testosterone troches limits access despite demonstrated health benefits and cost-effectiveness.
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