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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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The Fossil Record02:56

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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis
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Viral fossils.

Astrid Gall1

  • 1Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|December 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian genome availability offers new insights into endogenous retroviruses. These findings illuminate interactions between retroviruses, other viruses, and host organisms.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancient viral infections integrated into host genomes.
  • Understanding ERV interactions is crucial for deciphering host-pathogen dynamics and genome evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the implications of expanded mammalian genome data for studying ERV interactions.
  • To investigate the interplay between ERVs, exogenous viruses, and host organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics across diverse mammalian species.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of genomic sequences for ERV identification and characterization.
  • Literature review of recent findings on ERV-virus-host interactions.

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Main Results:

  • Increased genomic data reveals novel patterns of ERV distribution and evolution.
  • Insights into how ERVs influence or are influenced by co-infecting viruses.
  • Evidence of ERVs modulating host responses to viral infections.

Conclusions:

  • The expanding repository of mammalian genomes is a powerful resource for understanding ERV biology.
  • ERVs play a complex role in host-virus interactions, impacting disease and evolution.
  • Further research integrating genomic and virologic data is warranted.