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Stratified epithelium consists of several stacked layers of cells. They provide the durability to withstand constant physical and chemical attacks. Stratified epithelium is named after the shape of the most apical layer of cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is the most common type found in the human body. In this tissue, the apical cells are squamous, whereas the basal layer contains either columnar or cuboidal cells. The basal cells divide to form new daughter cells, which gradually become...
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Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed. Cell shapes can be squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal (square-like, as wide as it is tall), or columnar (rectangular, taller than it is wide). Additionally, the nucleus shape helps identify the type of epithelial cells. Squamous cells have flattened disc-shaped nuclei, cuboidal cells have spherical nuclei, and columnar cells have elongated nuclei.
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Epithelial Tissues and Their Functions01:23

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Epithelial tissues are large sheets of cells covering all of the surfaces of the body. These surfaces can be internal or external, for example, skin, airways, the digestive tract, the urinary system, and the reproductive system. Hollow organs and body cavities that do not connect to the body's exterior, including blood vessels and serous membranes, are lined by epithelial tissue known as the endothelium.
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Glandular Epithelium01:20

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The glandular epithelium is made of one or more epithelial cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances. Glandular epithelia can be classified based on cell number. Unicellular glands have individual secretory cells scattered across the epithelial monolayer. In contrast, multicellular glands consist of a hollow tubular duct attached to the cluster of secretory cells located in the deep pockets.
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Tissues01:18

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Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main types of tissue in vertebrates: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection
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Multi-functionality and plasticity characterize epithelial cells in Hydra.

W Buzgariu1, S Al Haddad1, S Tomczyk1

  • 1Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva ; Geneva, Switzerland.

Tissue Barriers
|December 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydra epithelial cells are unipotent stem cells that maintain homeostasis and drive development through plasticity. These cells are crucial for wound repair, nutrient digestion, and regeneration, highlighting their multifaceted roles.

Keywords:
Hydra epitheliomuscular layersautophagyepithelial plasticityevolutioninjury-induced responseneuromuscular transmissionregeneration and organizer activity

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Epithelial sheets are a defining feature of metazoans, with cnidarians exhibiting two layers (ectoderm and endoderm) separated by mesoglea.
  • In Hydra, epithelial cells of the body column function as unipotent stem cells, continuously self-renewing and exhibiting epitheliomuscular characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an integrative perspective on the homeostatic and developmental roles of epithelial plasticity in Hydra.
  • To highlight the multifunctional nature of Hydra epithelial cells in maintaining organismal integrity and facilitating adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • The study integrates existing knowledge on Hydra epithelial cell biology.
  • Focuses on observational and functional aspects of cell behavior in response to physiological and environmental cues.

Main Results:

  • Hydra epithelial cells are multifunctional, contributing to physical barriers, nutrient digestion, microbiota regulation, and wound healing.
  • These cells exhibit significant plasticity, enabling adaptation to starvation via autophagy and playing critical roles in budding and regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Hydra epithelial cells are central to both maintaining physiological homeostasis and driving key developmental processes.
  • The plasticity of these stem cells is fundamental to Hydra's resilience and regenerative capabilities.