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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

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RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSIONS, FROM BASICS TO THE LATEST TREATMENT.

Mary Ho1, David T L Liu, Dennis S C Lam

  • 1*Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; †Dennis Lam Eye Center, Central District, Hong Kong; ‡Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou, China; and §Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|December 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) affect millions worldwide, causing blindness. This review details RVO pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current medical and surgical treatments, including new therapies and combination approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) are a significant cause of vision loss.
  • Prevalence data indicate RVO affects millions globally, with branch RVO being more common than central RVO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and updated treatments for retinal vein occlusions (RVOs).
  • To provide an overview of recent advancements in RVO management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatments of RVO.
  • Analysis of current medical (anti-VEGF agents, corticosteroids) and surgical treatment options.

Main Results:

  • RVO has a prevalence of 5.20 per 1,000, with 16.4 million adults affected worldwide.
  • Diagnostic approaches and treatment options, including pharmacologic agents like bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, triamcinolone, and dexamethasone implants, are reviewed.
  • The strength of evidence for various treatment modalities is summarized.

Conclusions:

  • Challenges remain in managing long-term RVO complications and visual impairment.
  • Recently developed treatment regimens show promise, with potential benefits identified for combination therapy.