Oxidative theory of atherosclerosis and antioxidants

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Science
• Biochemistry
• Nutritional Science

Background:

• Atherosclerosis is a complex, multifactorial disease initiating in infancy.
• Historical perspectives include the 'Lipid theory' and evolving understanding of lipoproteins.
• The 'oxidative theory' highlights the role of reactive oxygen species and oxidized LDL.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the evolution of atherosclerosis from early stages to complex plaques.
• To examine the role of lipoproteins and oxidative stress in atherogenesis.
• To discuss the efficacy of antioxidants and the protective potential of the Mediterranean diet.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of lipid metabolism, lipoprotein receptors, and oxidative stress.
• Analysis of in vitro, cellular, animal model, and human study data on antioxidants.
• Examination of epidemiological studies on diet and cardiovascular outcomes.

Main Results:

• Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a significant role in atherogenesis.
• Antioxidants demonstrate efficacy in vitro and in animal models but fail to prevent cardiovascular events in human trials.
• Epidemiological data suggests the Mediterranean diet may offer protection against atherosclerosis complications.

Conclusions:

• The discrepancy in antioxidant efficacy highlights the complexity of atherosclerosis.
• Further research is needed to understand the in vivo effects of antioxidants.
• Dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet warrant further investigation for cardiovascular protection.